Cosmetology clinic employees are exposed to a multitude of chemical substances, which constitutes a significant health risk for them, even though the profession of a cosmetologist is often regarded as low risk. Research shows that long-term exposure to chemicals may lead to occupational diseases such as contact dermatitis, occupational asthma, and chronic respiratory diseases. The primary aim of the study was the identification and analysis of the substances most commonly found in a cosmetologist’s work environment which may constitute a real toxicological threat. A comprehensive review of available scientific information was conducted with the use of electronic databases, focusing on research in the areas of occupational medicine, toxicology, occupational dermatology, epidemiology, and legal regulations concerning occupational health and safety in cosmetology clinics. Nearly 10,000 different substances with potential toxic effects are currently used in the cosmetic sector. The lack of full validation of the health safety of people exposed to chronic occupational contact constitutes a significant issue. The paper discusses chemical agents most commonly encountered in a cosmetologist's work environment and presents the possible health effects of exposure to them. It emphasizes the importance of comprehensive prevention and regular prophylactic examinations of employees. Furthermore, it points out that compliance with hygiene standards does not guarantee complete safety for employees, as mixtures of substances can cause toxic synergistic effects. This would suggest a need for further research into chemical interactions in order to more effectively assess risk levels and develop methods to reduce them.