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Journal Title Abbrev.
J. Elem.
ISSN – 1644-2296
DOI: 10.5601

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Lead content in hair of students in France, Poland and Belarus

Issue: 1/2025

Recevied: November 28, 2024

Accepted: February 19, 2025

Published: February 22, 2025

Authors:

J. Karczewski, Z. Karczewska, A. Szpakow

Categories: Pollution and environment

DOI: 10.5601/jelem.2024.29.4.3464

Abstract:

Lead (Pb), a toxic heavy metal, enters the human body through the digestive system. The hair, an appendage of the skin, plays a vital role in removing lead from the body. The dead part of the hair provides analytical material for assessing Pb content. Using an original survey questionnaire, the study was conducted on a hair sample collected from students in Poland, France and Belarus. The survey questionnaire was prepared in three languages: French, Polish and Russian. To compare the Pb content in the hair of Polish, French and Belarusian students. These three groups of students reside in countries with different economic development and climates and have other dietary habits, which should be evident in the study results. Head hair samples of approximately 0.2-0.5g were analysed and prepared according to accepted analytical standards. Pb content in hair was determined using a scanning electron microscope SEM, with a Hitachi TM-3000 apparatus equipped with an X-ray with an EDS spectrometer for microanalysis. The accuracy of this method was verified using certified reference material (NCS ZC81002 human hair of Chinese production. The abbreviated meta-analysis on lead concentration in hair performed in different laboratories shows a large scatter of results, preventing their unambiguous comparative interpretation. The study conducted in the present study, according to the same methodology, allows for assessing factors relevant to the health assessment of students in France, Poland, and Belarus, such as lead content of hair. A substantial disparity in hair Pb content was identified according to the country of provenance.

Citation:

JELEM / HARVARD

quote-mark
Karczewski, J., Karczewska, Z. and Szpakow, A. (2025) 'Lead content in hair of students in France, Poland and Belarus', Journal of Elementology, 30(1), , available: https://doi.org/10.5601/jelem.2024.29.4.3464

MDPI

quote-mark
Karczewski, J.; Karczewska, Z.; Szpakow, A. Lead content in hair of students in France, Poland and Belarus. J. Elem. 2025, 30, 1, . https://doi.org/10.5601/jelem.2024.29.4.3464

AMA

quote-mark
Karczewski J, Karczewska Z, Szpakow A. Lead content in hair of students in France, Poland and Belarus. J. Elem. 2025;30(1): . https://doi.org/10.5601/jelem.2024.29.4.3464

CHICAGO

quote-mark
Karczewski Jan, Karczewska Zofia, Szpakow Andriej. 2025. "Lead content in hair of students in France, Poland and Belarus" J. Elem. 30, no.1: . https://doi.org/10.5601/jelem.2024.29.4.3464



Keywords:

lead, lead concentration, students’ hair

About issue:

30.1.2025
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Jelem